Generally, the first step after the reaction is a bulk separation process that removes large, coarse solids (larger than 5 µm). This is relatively straightforward, but as processes have become more sophisticated and quality requirements have tightened, it has become necessary to remove residual particle fines from slurries. These particles are small — typically 1–5 µm in diameter, or even smaller — and at low concentrations, on the order of parts per million (ppm). This article describes a new approach to clarification.

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